Category Archives: Blog

#CommunityVoices: God Is Not Fair At All (Part One)

41 year old Atiku George lives in Izapi village, Dzaipi sub-county of Adjumani District in West Nile. The only person in the congregation with a wheel chair because of her disability, Atiku had come to attend a memorial prayer organised by St. Peters’ Dzaipi Catholic Parish on 18th May 2013, to honour those who were killed during the insurgency in Adjumani and West Nile and to pray for the return of those who are still held in LRA captivity and for the victims of the conflict. Being the first memorial prayer of its kind in the district and probably in West Nile sub region as a whole, Atiku was visibly emotional as the congregation marched to lay wreaths on the graves of those who were killed and buried in the church, one of whom was his sister. However, it was not only because of his sister that tears were rolling down his face, but Atiku was remembering all the suffering he has had to face to date in the hands of the rebels.

Before 2005, Atiku was a prominent business man in the area, who used to trade in general merchandise. He would acquire goods from Kampala or Gulu and resell at a profit in Adjumani town and Dzaipi. On the fateful day of 16th May 2002, while he was on his way to Adjumani from Gulu, where he had gone to purchase goods for his business, the vehicle he was travelling in was hit by a landmine planted by the rebels in an ambush as they were approaching Pawel, just before Attiak on Gulu-Adjumani road.

“The road was too muddy because it had rained a lot, so the driver decided to dodge the muddy area and pass through the water that had logged. Unfortunately the LRA rebels had planted land mines in the water.”

The vehicle and its goods were scattered from the effects of the land mine, the rebels who were hidden in the nearby bush immediately started shooting and looting the items. Out of 15 people in the vehicle, 13 were killed on spot while Atiku and another person survived. On seeing the Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF) soldiers approaching the scene, the rebels carried the looted luggage and run away. With the help of the UPDF soldiers, Atiku and the other surviving passenger were taken to Lacor hospital. Because of the injuries he sustained, he stayed in Lacor hospital for four months after which he was transferred to Mulago hospital in Kampala where he spent another six months. This was one of the most trying moments for Atiku, as he lost his left leg during the attack and now has to move with the aid of a wheel chair.

#CommunityVoices collects; preserves and makes accessible personal and collective accounts on experiences and highlights transitional challenges of communities affected by decades of conflict in northern Uganda. It’s our hope that this blog will serve as a medium for communities to share their experiences and for the public to appreciate the transition challenges that they go through

TJ Monitor: Children and the draft Transitional Justice Policy – is there hope for children born in captivity?

When I chanced on Jean De La Croix Tabaro’s article on the dilemma of children born of rape in the Rwandan genocide, I couldn’t help but think about our own children in northern Uganda born as a result of rape, forced marriage, forced pregnancy and sexual slavery during the 20 year conflict. At the height of the conflict, thousands of women and girls were abducted and forced to become wives to rebel commanders while in captivity and as a result they begot children by these commanders. At the same time, many of the women and girls who were displaced in Internally Displaced Peoples’ camps were raped and forced to become wives to Government soldiers wherein they begot children.

When the conflict ended, the women returned home with these children amidst challenges way too remote for mainstream transitional justice (TJ) to address such as identities issues i.e. tracing for the identities of the paternal clans/families of the children. This has been complicated more by the fact that the “bush husbands” did not reveal to the women their real names, clans or the physical locations of their homes. The women and girls who lived in IDP camps are facing similar challenges. All the government soldiers (UPDF) who raped and forced the women and girls into “marriage” have since then been re-deployed to other locations or are dead, in both circumstances automatically shifting parental responsibility on the women who survive by engaging in petty activities to barely make ends meet, having lost the opportunity to earn an education in order to favourably compete for rewarding jobs.

Recently, the Government of Uganda through the Justice, Law and Order Sector (JLOS) released a draft national TJ Policy in response to Uganda’s legacy of past violations and to provide accountability and reconciliation through a combination of justice mechanisms. Whereas the policy makes reference to children as a vulnerable group, this reference seems to mirror child survivors per se but not children born as a result of the violations and abuses. This lack of distinction removes children born in captivity/displacement out of the picture thus leaving their needs and concerns unmet, which seems like a time bomb ticking away.

The identity of many children born in captivity or displacement has not been established, so acquiring something as simple as a birth certificate for them is a challenge for them. Likewise since the identity of their fathers, clans, families and place of origin is unknown all the responsibility for these children is placed on their mothers who cannot adequately provide for their basic needs such as shelter, feeding, clothing, education and medical care. This in effect has left them without hope.

In order to respond to the specific needs of the children born in captivity/displacement, it is imperative for Government to address the issue of identity of the children. A policy should be made to expedite and simplify registration of the children for purposes of obtaining birth certificates since the process has proved to be a nightmare for women survivors who do not know the details of the fathers of their children besides the date, month, year and place of birth. In implementing the reparation mechanism, it is recommended that the children born in captivity/displacement should be considered in a separate group to ensure that their needs and concerns are addressed otherwise they might end up picking bread crumbs from under the tables.

TJ Monitor: The ICC and Africa – Impunity vs Self-interest

When the Rome statute entered into force on the 1st of July 2002, the International Criminal Court was born with the objective to help end impunity for perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. The said crimes include war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and crime of aggression. This move by the international community was particularly embraced by many African countries which without much ado pledged their support for it by signing the treaty their by becoming member states. The following chronicle may be useful background to the ensuing discussion.

The African states were at the forefront of discussions and endorsement of a permanent international criminal court.  Senegal was the first country to ratify the Rome statute. In fact we have over 33 member states of the Rome statutes from Africa,  making it the continent with the biggest block membership.

In December 2003, the President of the Republic of Uganda, Yoweri K. Museveni took the decision to refer the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) to the office of the Prosecutor of the ICC, this led to the issuance of warrants of arrest for the top five commanders of the LRA – Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen and Raska Lukwiya. Vincent Otti and Raska Lukwiya have since died leaving the other three still at large.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) also referred its situation to the office of the Prosecutor where five cases were brought before the relevant chambers to wit Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Bosco Ntaganda, Germain Katanga, Mathieu Ngudjola Chui, Calixte Mbarushimana and Sylvester Mudacumura. Thomas. Lubanga has since been convicted, Germain Katanga remains in custody while Mathieu Ngudjola has been acquitted. And of recent Ntaganda surrendered to the ICC and is now facing trial in The Hague.

In December 2004, the Government of the Central African Republic (CAR) referred the situation in CAR to the ICC, after which the prosecutor opened an investigation in May 2007 resulting in The Prosecutor v Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo.

Following in the footsteps of her “sister countries” on the 16th Jan 2013, Mali referred the situation in West African nation to the ICC. This led to the opening of an investigation into alleged crimes committed on the territory of Mali since 2012.

Although Cote d’Ivoire is not a party to the Rome statute, it accepted the jurisdiction of the ICC on the 18th April 2003 which was reconfirmed on both 14th Dec 2010 and 3rd May 2011.

It should be noted that the above were willfully referred to the ICC by the various African states based on the perception that the ICC would provide a lasting solution to ending internal and external threats to governments by warding off would be party spoilers (rebels with intentions of toppling governments and creating instability).

A change of attitude towards the ICC came when the Court issued warrants of arrest for sitting Sudanese president Omar Al Bashir in 2008 for crimes committed in the Darfur region. In 2010, the court agreed to the prosecutor’s request to open investigation in Kenya resulting to the indictment of Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto who are currently the president and deputy president of Kenya. In 2011 and 2012 arrest warrants were issued for the former president of Cote D’ Ivoire Laurent Gbagbo and the countries’ First Lady Simone Gbagbo respectively.

Since then, African leaders have come together as one under the African Union to condemn the once desirable ICC and accuse it of conducting a “race hunt”. In their search for an escape, they are now proposing an ‘African’ response to international crimes in the ambit of existing regional legal structures like the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The question is whether this is a move motivated by genuine complaints of discrimination or protection of individual interests. You be the judge!

#CommunityVoices: I Need Social Security for my Grand Children (Part 2)

In the last #CommunityVoices,  we began the story of mama Lwiji, whose grandson was abducted by the LRA and inadvertently led the rebels to his family’s home when he escaped.  The community’s story continues below…

Alum mama Oryema
Mama Oryema

As mama Lwiji was being beaten, other rebels gathered members in the village, (mainly the adults as they believed that the rebels would only target the young ones who had gone into hiding) and brought them to her compound. They started beating the people gathered using an axe and massacred 17 people in total, killing 15 on spot, while the other 2 died later after they failed to access medical help in time.

A short young man killed my husband and many other people in my marital home. I survived because I made an alarm “agee we” that identifies me to my birth clan. They asked where I come from, I told them that I come from Alokolum and they told me I would survive with my co-wife because I am not a member of this place by birth.

Mama Oryema, a survivor

Seven of the deceased were from mama Lwiji’s home while ten from a neighbouring clan known as Nam- awal. Since then the relationship between the two clans has soared as they blame mama Lwiji’s family and clan for the misfortune brought to them by her grandson. In the Acholi tradition, blame was not apportioned to the individual who is believed to have committed the offence but collectively to his clan. The following paragraph as narrated by Doreen, one of mama Lwiji’s grandchildren shows the complexities of transition challenges faced by many families/communities in northern Uganda;

We started experiencing problems right away when the incident occurred; the clan members of Nam-awal robed our family taking away goats, bicycles and utensils which they claimed that they will use to bury their beloved ones who were killed because of us. They want compensation for all the people who died. Disunity has also cropped in our family as survivors have abandoned the home. Land boundary conflict is now very common among children who lost their parents in the massacre. Parents of Olanya are living in isolation with fear that they can easily be attacked by clan members who lost their dear ones since their son caused them death. Some of the children who lost both parents have become helpless and abandoned the village, gambling in urban centres.

Doreen Acayo, mama Lwiji’s granddaughter.

Olanya, who watched the rebels kill members of his family from his hiding place, self exiled himself to another community for 14 years only to return in 2011. He has since apologised to the clan members and asked to be forgiven, but members of Nam awal clan insist that his clan should pay compensation for all the people who were killed yet they cannot afford this payment. The family members pray that government comes up with a programme to help such families to facilitate reconciliation and peaceful co-existence. Mama Lwiji furthers requests government to ensure that this programme also takes care of orphans as a result of the conflict like her grandchildren and provide for them social security that will enable them to achieve a better future.

It’s therefore important that the transitional justice policy development process that is taking shape at national level pays attention to these complexities and daily transition challenges affecting communities emerging from the more than two decade conflict. The policy will only be relevant if it addresses such and other concerns of conflict affected communities.

#CommunityVoices collects; preserves and makes accessible personal and collective accounts on experiences and highlights transitional challenges of communities affected by decades of conflict in northern Uganda. It’s our hope that this blog will serve as a medium for communities to share their experiences and for the public to appreciate the transition challenges that they go through

TJ Monitor: The Ugandan draft Transitional Justice Policy 2013

A case of courting survivors of conflict or accountability at last?

The Government of Uganda through the Justice Law and Order Sector (JLOS) has reached a milestone by pulling a draft National TJ Policy, a first of its kind in Africa and the world at large. This policy is in response to Uganda’s legacy of past violations and seeks to provide accountability and reconciliation through a combination of justice mechanisms including formal criminal prosecutions, traditional justice, truth-telling and reconciliation, reparations and amnesty.

The policy comes alive in the interventions proposed in the above mentioned TJ mechanisms. The first pertains to the formal justice process which relates to securing victims’ participation in the trial process. The policy proposes to ensure witnesses to trials are protected, borrowing from precedents of witness protection from countries like the US that have formal witness protection programmes. Witness protection as it is involves much more than just posting a police officer or a security agent to the home of a witness for purposes of ensuring his or her protection before, during and after trial, not to mention the financial resources it requires. Considering that war crimes trials involve no less than hundreds of witnesses who in most cases come from the same community as the perpetrators facing trial, this would automatically dictate that witnesses be given new identities and  be relocated forthwith –  all of which have deep financial implications. Is the Government prepared to employ other evidentiary techniques like voice recordings bearing in mind the rights of an accused person to confront his or her accuser?

The TJ Policy under this mechanism further proposes to remove barriers to access to justice by victims. As we try to get inside the heads of the drafters of the policy, we are inclined to suppose this to include putting an end to impunity to sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) committed during conflict by charging perpetrators of sexual violence with SGBV crimes besides other war crimes.

Under the truth-telling process, Government proposes to establish and implement a national truth telling process which should consider the unique gender needs and concerns of the survivors such as conducting separate truth telling sessions for women and male survivors of sexual violence and child victims.

Under reparations, Government proposes to establish and implement a reparations programme for victims of conflict which too is expected to respond to the unique gender needs and concerns of survivors following their commitment to mainstream gender in to the proposed mechanisms. It is expected that such a programme will have due regard to unique circumstances such as the needs of women survivors who returned home with children born in captivity or in internally displaced peoples’ camps as a result of forced marriage, rape, forced pregnancy or sexual slavery and male survivors who lost all their property in the wake of the conflict thus rendering them incapable of providing for their families and child headed families among others.

The traditional justice system under this draft policy has been recognised by the Government as a tool for conflict resolution, it remains to be seen how they intend to operationalise it especially where it involves victims and perpetrators hailing from different cultural settings or background. How does the Government of Uganda intend to harmonise the different cultural practices?

Acknowledging that each of the mechanisms have pros and cons, the notion of complimentarity comes in handy. In essence the mechanisms are meant to complement each other to ensure accountability and reconciliation. The challenges notwithstanding, the draft TJ Policy seems like the most appropriate response to past violations of human rights in Uganda, we only pray that this is not another case of courting victims, but rather spells accountability for victims of conflict.

#CommunityVoices: I Need Social Security for my Grand Children (part 1)

#CommunityVoices

#CommunityVoices collects; preserves and makes accessible personal and collective accounts on experiences and highlights transitional challenges of communities affected by decades of conflict in northern Uganda. It’s our hope that this blog will serve as a medium for communities to share their experiences and for the public to appreciate the transition challenges that they go through.

Mama Lwiji
Mama Lwiji

85 year old Abalo, referred to as mama Lwiji in her home in Got-ringo village, Alero Sub County in the present Nwoya District describes her challenges while struggling to take care of her grand children who were left with her as orphans amidst a protracted inter-clan conflict following a massacre that claimed the lives of seventeen people while she was watching.

Mama Lwijis’s grandson Olanya was abducted by the LRA rebels in 1996, but after a week he escaped from captivity the rebels followed him and killed 17 people claiming that Olanya escaped with their money. This incident has since caused intense conflict between mama Lwiji’s clan and another clan where ten of the deceased persons come from, yet mama Lwiji was left to care and fend for orphans whose parents were killed. This is a story that illustrates some of the complexities of post conflict northern Uganda which transitional justice processes should pay attention to.

As the month was coming to an end in September 1996, Olanya – in his early teens at the time – was home repairing the structure that housed his pigeons when the rebels caught him unawares. As a young boy, he was abducted together with other children found in the area and taken to the nearby rebel camp. While in the bush, the rebels entrusted Olanya with the looted items including money as they went on with their business. One week later, noticing this as a window of opportunity to escape, Olanya immediately took advantage and ran away with the bag containing the rebel’s money.

On this fateful day at 3:00pm on 30th September 1996, when he successfully escaped from the rebels, Olaya ran home to inform his relatives about his escape and the possible retaliation by the LRA. Indeed it was common practice by the LRA during the peak of the conflict to retaliate and punish the family or community of an abductee whenever he/she escapes. Heavier punishments such as killing were given for an escape with any LRA property like guns or money. Indeed the rebels did not waste time in following the escapee. While being interrogated by the rebels at her home, mama Lwiji who tried to protect her grandson by denying knowledge of his escape quickly received heavy beating from the rebels when they saw Olanya’s sandals at her door.

Read part 2 in the next installment of #CommunityVoices.

Every Voice Counts: Women’s Advocacy Network celebrates anniversary and looks forward

One year after the official launch of the Women’s Advocacy Network (WAN), the Justice and Reconciliation Project hosted a stakeholders’ dialogue at Churchill Courts in Gulu to celebrate the first anniversary of the grassroots advocacy initiative and to further highlight the issues that continue to face war-affected women in northern Uganda. Invited guests included representatives of local government, civil society members, the media and members of WAN.

Six representatives of the Network held a panel discussion on their personal experiences as well as the challenges that form the basis of the advocacy points that WAN seeks to address. In particular, they emphasised the experiences of children born in captivity, education, health issues, land inheritance, inadequate amnesty packages, as well need for the creation of more income generating activities that will help to support women and children affected by the war were. They also made a call for more outreaches to be made at community level to sensitise community members on the acceptance of women and children that have returned from captivity.

One representative also discussed the importance of apology. For community members to reconcile and to come to terms with the past, a simple apology by political leaders and former rebel leaders would go a long way, she said, since after all, “we are Acholi and we are Ugandans.”

The event also served to launch Adyebo: The Wild Plant – a book which documents the experiences of war-affected women during and after the conflict in northern Uganda up the formation of the WAN. Download the book here (pdf).

About WAN

WAN brings together war affected women in a forum where they come together to advocate for justice, acknowledgement and accountability for gender based violations inflicted upon them during the war in northern Uganda.

Introducing #CommunityVoices

#CommunityVoices                

“Experiencing Conflict in Northern Uganda”       

Years after the guns fell silent in northern Uganda; communities affected by conflict find themselves in a unique stage of transition with very different needs, interests and questions. One thing for sure is that each individual, family or community experienced the conflict in a unique, individual way; no two stories are the same.

#CommunityVoices collects; preserves and makes accessible personal and collective accounts on experiences and highlights transitional challenges of communities affected by decades of conflict in northern Uganda. It’s our hope that this blog will serve as a medium for communities to share their experiences and for the public to appreciate the transition challenges that they go through.

It will highlight a series of stories of missing persons, abduction, torture, child soldiers, children born in captivity, massacre experiences, etc. while the bulk will focus on the LRA conflict, experiences from other conflicts in the region such as UNRF II, WBF, HSM, Cilil among others will also be featured in upcoming weeks.

 

Share your views in Voices magazine

Voices is a quarterly magazine published by the Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP) in Gulu. It aims to share victim-centred views on justice and reconciliation in northern Uganda and, like all of JRP’s work, it was established to link the grassroots with civil society and policy makers on issues of justice and reconciliation. The magazine is also meant to accommodate views on transitional justice, peacemaking and post-conflict that do not necessarily find themselves in the mainstream media. 

The next issue of the magazine is centred around victim participation in transitional justice. As such, we kindly request written submissions of the views and opinions for this issue. Typically, opinion pieces are 1000 words and would need to be submitted before Friday, 31 May 2013.

Please email voices@justiceandreconciliation.com to make your submissions or for further information.

Physical copies and pdf versions of previous issues are available at our office in Gulu and on our website (see links below).

Voices Issue 02 CoverVoices Iss1 2012 cover

 

 

 

Voices Issue 03 Cover