Recounting Atrocities by the NRA’s 22nd Battalion in Burcoro Village in April 1991
The Beasts at Burcoro – Recounting Atrocities by the NRA’s 22nd Battalion in Burcoro Village in April 1991, JRP Field Note XVIII, July 2013
Located 16 kilometers northeast of Gulu town, in the sub-county of Awach, Gulu District, lies the quiet village of Burcoro. Despite its apparent tranquility, a sinister past remains hidden behind the welcoming faces of its inhabitants. Between the 14th and the 18th of April 1991, Burcoro was the scene of a brutal operation carried out by the 22nd Battalion of the National Resistance Army (NRA) in which several hundred people were detained at Burcoro Primary School. They were released only after being interrogated, tortured, and sexually abused throughout the four days of the operation.
This report presents a detailed account of the events that took place on those fateful days in April 1991 based on individual interviews and focus group discussions with victims and survivors. It also explores the enduring challenges they face, including not knowing the whereabouts of relatives that were taken by the soldiers and chronic health issues arising from their ill treatment. We highlight the plight of men and women who were abducted, widowed or raped as part of the operation, and note the Government’s responsibility and unfulfilled promise to properly compensate the victims and their relatives.
Lastly, the report makes specific recommendations based on discussions with the affected community members which are directed at the GoU and relevant stakeholders in the region. These call for government to apologize, hold the perpetrators accountable, and provide compensation to victims, while civil society should support the community’s desire to put in place a memorial and help meet their healthcare needs.
On 5 June 2013, JRP and Avocats Sans Frontières held a one-day consultative meeting with victim communities on the recently released draft of the national Transitional Justice Policy
The meeting allowed the facilitators to share the draft policy with victims from across Acholi sub-region, explain key aspects of the policy, and ascertain from the participants their views, impressions, expectations and desires regarding these key aspects: criminal prosecutions, truth-telling, traditional justice, and reparations in particular.
Adyebo is a compilation of stories told at a ‘storytelling’ session organised by the Justice and Reconciliation Project, an NGO based in Gulu, northern Uganda. It is the story of women of different ages and backgrounds in northern Uganda that were abducted during the height of the Lord’s Resistance Army conflict in the region. Starting at the beginnning of their journey from Uganda to Sudan and back home, their stories illustrate the unique challenges faced by women during and after conflict.
What accountability and prosecution mean for justice and reconciliation in northern Uganda
Oryem Nyeko
WELCOME to the fourth issue of the Justice and Reconciliation Project’s magazine Voices. This magazine aims to share individual victim, victims group, civil society and stakeholder views on justice and reconciliation in northern Uganda and Africa’s great lakes region as a whole. The theme of this issue is accountability and prosecution. This was chosen because of the recent rise in debate on accountability for perpetrators of conflict in northern Uganda. Questions that are being asked right now include what form should accountability take and who should be accountable.
In our work we have found that local views on the issue vary. Statistics from JRP’s Reconciliation Barometer survey of 2012 show that up to 57% of victims of the conflict want to see perpetrators of the conflict tried. Similarly, when we interviewed two members of the grassroots organisation the Women’s Advocacy Network (WAN) to find their views on prosecution, their views differed substantially (‘Two Sides of a Coin: Women Survivor’s Views on Accountability’).
The tendency of stakeholders and policy makers to focus solely on rebels and rebel leaders when dealing with the issue of accountability has also been criticised. In 2005, when the ICC issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and four other LRA leaders for crimes against humanity and war crimes, the Court’s apparent decision to exclusively focus on rebel accountability and to ignore the actions of the other side of the conflict was met with dissatisfaction by some. In this vein, ‘The Road Less Traveled: State actors’ accountability in northern Uganda’ examines the human rights violations by the ruling National Resistance Army (NRA) going back as far as 1991 while ‘When the Weighing Scales of Justice Do Not Balance’ reflects on the perpetrator turned prosecutor dynamic of post-conflict accountability in Uganda.
Do you want to have your voice heard in a issue of Voices? We welcome any contribution on current transitional justice issues, including 1000 word opinion and feature pieces. Please email voices@justiceandreconciliation.com or call (256) 0471433008 for more information.
In this edition of Voices magazine we take a look at accountability for gross human rights violations. The contributions in this issue explore the local context of justice and suggest that Ugandans are at a dilemma when it comes to justice for crimes committed during the conflict in northern Uganda. A one size fits all approach doesn’t necessarily apply to victims of conflict.
At JRP, we believe that a bottom to top approach to accountability is the best solution for communities decimated by conflict. We have learnt from the experiences of other countries that transitional justice interventions, ranging from truth … read more.
As northern Uganda continues on its road to recovery, complex questions remain unanswered regarding how perpetrators who committed crimes during the conflict can be held accountable. One of these complicated questions is how to hold accountable individuals who bear dual victim-perpetrator identities. Another key question is whether or not amnesty should be granted to former perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Debates on reparations, and what forms it will take, also continue to dominate the post-conflict discourse in northern Uganda. Then there is the question of how to hold state perpetrators accountable and finally, what options can be … read more.
In the course of the conflict in northern Uganda serious crimes of concern to Ugandans as a whole – particularly regular use of torture, murder, abductions and forceful displacement – were perpetuated against civilian populations in places like Palabek, Burcoro, Lukome, Awach, Alero, Acholi Bur, Purongo, and Namukora in the 1990’s not only by LRA but also by State Actors. As early as the 1990’s, Amnesty International reported inhumane acts by the then National Resistance Army (NRA). A particularly serious set of human rights violations are reported by a several sources to have taken place between 16 and 18 April … read more.
In the West Nile sub-region of Uganda, as may be the case in other parts of Uganda and the rest of the world, former combatants of a rebel movement and members of the very community to whom crimes were perpetrated are living a parallel lives. West Nile experienced rebel activities of the Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF) I and II which was characterised by the looting of civilians’ properties and killings, displacement and abduction among others. The rebel group is claimed to have started as a protest against bad government policies and unfair treatment to people of West Nile. Through … read more.
In our work at the Justice and Reconciliation Project, we have found that survivors of the conflict tend to have different views on prosecution – while some think there is need for prosecution others think that it is better to forgive and move on. Some of the views of the victims change over time depending on various factors such as lack of trust in the prosecutorial institutions both locally and internationally or lack of knowledge on transitional justice processes. The different views of the women on the same subject illustrates that transitional justice processes should be enforced together to complement … read more.
In 2008, the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army signed the annex to the principal Agreement of the Juba Peace Agreement on accountability and reconciliation which elaborates how perpetrators should be held accountable for crimes committed during the conflict. In line with this, the Government of Uganda established the International Crimes Division of the High Court to try individuals accused of committing war crimes, crimes of genocide, terrorism and crimes against humanity. The Court fired into action in 2011 by opening the trial of Thomas Kwoyelo who was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. During a … read more.
In the year 2012, the Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP) and the Grass Roots Reconciliation Group (GRG) entered into a partnership to implement the Community Theatre Programme, a pilot project with two victims’ groups in Lamwo District Palabek Sub County. The theatre project was designed to promote healing among conflict affected community, seek redress for rights violated during conflict through advocacy and to promote reconciliation among members of the community affected by conflict. This pilot project provided a platform for victims of the LRA conflict to creatively share their conflict experiences as well as to identify major challenges impeding healing … read more.
The conflict in northern Uganda was a bitter pill to women who became victims of various forms of sexual and gender based violations. Those who were abducted were forced to marriage at a very young age, subjected to rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancies and infection of sexually transmitted diseases. Those who managed to avoid abduction did not escape this form of violence. Camp life was often characterised by rape, infection of HIV/AIDS and a lack of proper reproductive health services to respond to these violations. The Government of Uganda in its response to the sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) … read more.
Katherine Payne, Lizzy Chenery and Marijn van de Geer (Resolution:Possible)
Resolution:Possible was founded in 2010 as a UK based campaign against the Lord’s Resistance Army. Very soon it became clear, through conversations and interactions with people in and from the region, that the situation in northern Uganda was far more complex than we had been led to believe. Through further research we realised that all the tensions and conflicts in the Great Lakes Region are very much connected. We were therefore no longer comfortable being a ‘single issue campaign’ presenting issues with clear cut solutions. Instead we realised there was an urgent need to get as much information from as … read more.
In recent months, the LRA conflict has been the centre of a wave of international interest that seemed, on the face of it, to come out of nowhere. It started in 2012 when a worldwide internet campaign was used to bring the conflict, its alleged perpetrators and its after effects to the forefront of global consciousness. The most recent development is under the ‘Rewards for Justice’ programme, an initiative of the United States’ State Department, which has brought the hunt for Joseph Kony and the remaining commanders of the rebel group back to the fore. ‘Rewards’ is essentially a bounty-hunter’s dream … read more.
During this quarter, the Gender Justice Unit was able to implement the following activities under its three programmatic areas. Under our Legal Programme, we have been conducting a survey on gender needs in transitional justice in northern Uganda. The purpose of the survey was to establish unique needs of both women and men in post conflict northern Uganda as well as to identify gender gaps in ongoing transitional justice processes. Last year we conducted interviews and focus group discussions in five Districts and this year we have been compiling the data as well as preparing to begin verification workshops in … read more.
Following a launch in Kampala, the Justice and Reconciliation Project and the International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) held the Gulu launch of their most recent report “Unredressed Legacy: Possible Policy Options and Approaches to Fulfilling Reparations in Uganda” on Thursday, 21 February 2013. The event was attended by representatives of northern Uganda CSOs and war victims’ associations such as the Kitgum Women Peace Initiative, the Women’s Advocacy Network and the Moyo Town War Victims Association. It served both as the official launch for many that contributed to its content and as an opportunity for discussion and feedback on the … read more.
On November 15, 2012 JRP hosted its first annual Dissemination Forum to showcase five publications produced in the past calendar year. The Forum drew 65 participants from across northern Uganda and Kampala representing victims groups, religious leaders, advocates and other stakeholders. Through the Forum, JRP was able to highlight issues and recommendations arising from its research, including how these recommendations can be carried forward by activists and communities. The Forum also provided an opportunity to elicit feedback on the reports and how JRP can continue to improve its work. The reports disseminated included: The Day They Came: Recounting the LRA’s … read more.
In recognition of the 10th anniversary of signing of the Government of Uganda (GoU)-Uganda National Rescue Front II (UNRF II) peace agreement, Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP)’s community mobilization department joined Yumbe District and MAYANK Development Association and other development actors to celebrate this event. As the people of West Nile and Yumbe District in particular remember this landmark of peaceful achievement, attention is drawn to the fact that the peace process did not end with the signing of the agreement, it remains incumbent on all stakeholders to zealously guard this peace and all efforts must be garnered to consolidate it … read more.
Ugandans have a complicated relationship with the International Criminal Court (ICC). The armed conflict and atrocities against civilians that took place in northern Uganda undoubtedly deserved international attention and censure. When the ICC trained its sights on the Ugandan situation in 2004, many welcomed its intervention. But its impact has been mixed. There have been accusations that the Court promoted a form of justice at odds with cultural practices of northern Ugandans, ignored crimes by the Ugandan military, and hindered peace talks with the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). However, since the collapse of the Juba process in 2008, the ICC has largely faded from the headlines. Today, eight years after the Court began its investigations in Uganda, there have been no arrests, no trials, and no reparations. The ICC is winding down most operations in Uganda, although it remains ready to ramp-up again if arrests occur.
What role can the ICC play in Uganda going forward? To address that question one must not only look at the actions of the ICC but also at the approaches or standards it seeks to advance. A key principle of the Rome Statute is complementarity—the ICC will only intervene if a state is unwilling or unable to pursue accountability in a way that meets the ICC’s standards. Some argue that other ICC standards, such as witness protection, reparations, or victim participation should also be promoted. Whether or not there are arrests, some states and civil society organizations will push for these standards to be met.
This policy report addresses the ICC’s approach to transitional justice and its past work in Uganda, based on conversations with victims of conflict and members of civil society. To identify major questions and concerns about the ICC from victims’ perspectives we convened focus group discussions (FGDs) in three communities that were particularly affected by the civil war: Barlonyo in Lango sub-region and Lukodi and Palabek Kal in Acholi sub-region.
In addition to these discussions, we interviewed members of 14 different civil society organizations that work extensively on transitional justice issues. These meetings were held in Soroti, Gulu, and Kampala. We also include a short column by the regional program officer of the Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) explaining its policies in Uganda.
In the middle of 2012, JRP began filming a documentary in Amuria District in Teso sub-region. We moved onto Lango, West Nile and Acholi sub-regions, where we interviewed the family and friends of individuals that are still missing because of enforced disappearances. Today, many parents, siblings and children continue to search for any information about what happened to their loved ones, a search, which to them, seemed to be being carried out alone.
The reality is that the abductions and enforced disappearances did not just affect those that were close to the missing. Instead, the issue is intertwined closely with communities in the region as their transitional justice needs become further defined. The search for the truth is not confined to a search for missing persons, but extends to the struggle for acknowledgment from those that are responsible, or partook in the two decade long conflict.
In this issue of Voices magazine, truth-telling is the central theme. The “Missing Persons Poster” , is not an exhaustive list of the missing. It was meant to serve as a reminder of the scale of the challenge and the importance of a campaign aimed at advocating for victim-centred truth-telling process in a post-conflict region like Northern Uganda. While it is impossible to accurately depict how many people are missing, it is hoped that this poster, among many other community-led initiatives, will lead to ‘the Right to Know’ being a serious priority in the agenda of the Government and other stakeholders (“The Right to Truth and Justice”).
The work of the ICRC in particular, in tracing missing abductees and reuniting them with family member, reflects a general sentiment of truth-seeking as an internationally recognised right. Guest writer Simon Robins examines the work of the organisation in “Missing Persons: Towards a Victim Centred Approach” . Proposed telling processes in this region are also examined from a gender perspective (“Achieving Gender Justice Through Truth-Telling”, page 26), and comparisons are made with countries in a post-conflict states (“Lessons from Post-Genocide Rwanda”, page 38)
The Gender Justice initiative, the Women’s Advocacy Network (WAN), consists of women that were personally affected by the conflict, some of whom actually know the whereabouts of some of the missing persons. The Chairlady of the advocacy initiative, Evelyn Amony, calls on individuals, organisations and governments to come together to restore the broken links in “Our Lost Jewels” .
What does the Right to Know mean to you? We welcome the views of readers, so email voices@justiceandreconciliation.com or visit our offices in Gulu to have your voice heard. ▪
WELCOME TO our latest edition of Voices Magazine where we bring you some local perspectives on the ‘Right to Know’. In August JRP launched the ‘Right to Know’ campaign to draw attention to the significance of truth seeking and missing persons in the transitional justice discourse in Uganda. Key to this campaign is the legacy of the various conflicts that have occurred in Northern Uganda leaving hundreds of persons gone missing and in need of the truth of their whereabouts.From its inception, JRP has been overwhelmed by the number of persons who claim they have lost their loved ones… Read more
ONE EVENING while finalising the preparations for the Dialogue on Disappearances to commemorate the International Day Against Enforced Disappearances on 30th August 2012, we pinned up posters made by JRP in collaboration with Children/Youth as Peace Builders (CAP) Uganda, as an indicative list of missing persons in Gulu District. The waiter who brought our drinks suddenly stood there for some time while skimming through the names and finally asked one of my colleagues how he could get the name of his missing relative to be included on the poster. What caught my attention was not the question but the fact… Read more
In the last few months, the ‘Right to Know’ campaign has formed a central part of JRP’s work. Voices Magazine sat down with JRP Programme Coordinator, Boniface Ojok, to get his insight on the campaign, its purpose and the hopes for the upcoming months. Read more.
The conflicts over the last three decades in Northern Uganda have left many impacts, some better understood than others. The large-scale LRA abductions that have come to characterise the war in the Acholiland and beyond have produced a multi-faceted response targeting returnees, their families and communities. Returnees have benefitted from counselling in district-based reception centres, support on their return home and assistance packages. In some sense however these returnees and their families are the lucky ones: many families of those abducted have heard nothing about their loved ones and remain torn between the hope that they will return and the… Read more
To commemorate the internationally recognised day against enforced disappearances, the Justice and Reconciliation Project in collaboration with Children/Youth as Peace Builders (CAP) Uganda organised a dialogue on the 30th of August 2012 between stakeholders, victims groups and civil society organisations in Northern Uganda to generate debate on addressing the issue of people who are still missing or unaccounted for as a result of conflict. Guided by the theme “the right to truth”, this was part of a series of week long of activities organised by JRP in West Nile, Teso, Lango and Acholi sub-regions aimed at engaging with communities on the issue… Read more
It is early morning and we have just arrived at a family compound in the outskirts of Gulu. We are greeted by the father of the family who is apologizing for being very busy that particular morning. It has been raining heavily all night and now he has to fix the latrine, which has been damaged by the rain. The father is weak and recovering from an illness, so the heavy work is hard for him to manage. He takes time out of his busy schedule to show us around his compound. While we are walking around we are talking … Read more
Despite experiencing close to four years of relative peace, Northern Uganda continues to grapple with several recovery challenges. Among these challenges are answered questions regarding the plight of people who continue to be missing. Many of these people were either abducted by the rebels of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) or simply went missing due to other causes such as displacement. It is not known if many of them are still alive.
A survey conducted by an NGO called Children and Youth as Peace Builders (CAP) indicates that 1,036 people are missing in Gulu alone. A 2012 survey by JRP … Read more
Daniel is one of the boys who never got the chance to come back home like we did. Many of us were abducted but not all got the chance to come back. Some died and others are still alive. They live with other tribes in other countries. When Daniel finally found his way home, he told us about his fate and that of the other children. There are people who are still in Sudan and living among the Lutugu tribe. Some of the girls have become wives while the boys become soldiers. The boys have also been given women from … Read more
Continuing from last issues ‘Ododo Wa: Our Stories’ (‘Storytelling, Gender and Reparations’ Voices, Issue 2, September 2012), JRP’s Gender Justice department uses the mechanism of story telling to ascertain the views of war affected women on the Right to Know, truth-telling processes, missing persons and the need for reconciliation at community level. … Read more
With a proposed truth-telling process being considered at national level, Gender Justice Team Leader Kasiva Mulli examines the factors that need to be taken into consideration if such a process is put in place from a gender perspective… Read more
Uganda is well endowed with a number of ethnic groups with different ethnic value and beliefs which are key in guiding behaviours in societies. Each group values their belongings and lifestyle and always strives to defend it at any point. Every society values truth-telling as a fundamental instrument of promoting justice and peace for the good of the societies but justice which is believed to come through truth-telling varies from person to person, society to society depending on individual needs.
The disparities in justice needs of individuals and societies has turned to define what “truth-telling” is. It is therefore important … Read more
In exploring the relevance of traditional mechanisms to the unique justice needs of Northern Uganda, JRP’s Documentation department found that truth-telling forms a central part of some reconciliatory ceremonies. In this article, mato oput and moyo kum specifically are examined vis-à-vis their role in truth-telling and the JLOS proposed transitional justice policy in Northern Uganda… Read more
On Tuesday 18th July 2012, the Justice Law and Order Sector (JLOS) released its long awaited study on traditional justice and truth-telling. The one day launch event took place at Imperial Royale Hotel in Kampala. The report contained findings of a study on traditional justice mechanisms of tribes all over Northern Uganda, and truth-telling mechanisms. The report made policy recommendations on adoption of a national policy on truth-telling and traditional justice.
Following the launch of this report, JRP’s Community Documentation department decided to conduct a brief situational analysis on truth-telling within local communities, to analyse local perceptions and opinions on the subject… Read more
JRP’s Gender Justice Team engaged in a variety of activities over the past few months, which have yielded great results.
Under the Ododo Wa (Our Stories) program, the Gender Justice Team developed personal history books for several formerly abducted women. The personal history books, which include the life story about a woman’s life before, during, and after abduction, are important assets to the women. Many formerly abducted women feel the need to document the experiences they faced so that their children and families understand their experiences and for women to remember events that took place while in captivity.
In 2012, Can-kara (not his real name) approached the Justice and Reconciliation Project in the hope that the organisation would be able to help provide a solution to a two-decade long family rift. Having searched and not found solutions in many places, he was unsure whether his family conflict would finally be resolved. This is his story, as told to JRP Project Officer Isaac Okwir Odiya… Read more
In 1994, “Robert”, then 8 years old, was living in his uncle’s home. Late one night, the LRA attacked the home and abducted Robert. As the rebels were taking him, Robert was forced to watch one of the commanders, who was scarcely older than himself, brutally beat and kill his uncle. For the first week of his captivity, Robert and the commander moved as part of the same battalion. Soon, though, they were separated.
Robert eventually escaped from the LRA in 1999 and found his way to a World Vision reception center in Gulu. A few weeks later, the same … Read more
In the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide in which an estimated 800,000 civilians – most of whom were members of the nation’s minority Tutsi population – were killed, a number of initiatives have been pursued in an effort to locate and rebury with respect the anonymous victims of the violence. In the months following the genocide, survivors frequently attempted to learn the locations where their missing family members had been killed, and then conducted nonscientific exhumations aimed at locating and reburying with respect any human remains that might be found.
Then, in 1995 and 1996, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda … Read more
The Uganda Reconciliation Barometer is a presentation of the attitudes and perceptions of Northern Ugandans on critical justice and reconciliation issues.
In November 2012, JRP released the first issue of the UG Reconciliation Barometer, a report which seeks to present the findings survey findings from seven districts across the Acholi sub-region. Research for it was conducted in all 60 sub-counties across those districts, including former IDP camps, rural communities, urban and semi-urban areas.
The report measures the attitudes and perceptions of northern Ugandans on critical justice and reconciliation issues since the relative calm restored following the relocation of LRA fighters to neighboring countries.
Gender and Generations in Acholi Traditional Mechanisms – FN XVII, November 2012
Throughout the LRA conflict women and youth faced grave atrocities such as gender-based violence, forced marriage, and disruption of education and economic opportunities. These women and youth risk being omitted from justice and peace debates in Uganda if their unique experiences and reintegration challenges are overlooked. Acholi traditional justice mechanisms, especially mato oput and nyono tong gweno, are often promoted as a locally appropriate approach to address these issues in northern Uganda. Despite this, little has been documented about the attitudes of women and youth towards traditional approaches and the impacts of these practices on their processes of healing and recovery.
Based on opinions gathered from focus group discussions and individual interviews with war-affected women and youth throughout Acholi sub-region, this report explores the relevancy of traditional justice mechanisms to the unique justice, reintegration and reconciliation needs of women and youth. It also discusses their current role in the decision-making and negotiation process of traditional justice mechanisms, and whether that role sufficiently represents their needs and opinions in the healing process. Finally, specific policy recommendations are offered to key stakeholders on ideal ways to address and incorporate the concerns of women and youth into traditional justice mechanisms.
Paying Back What Belongs to US – FN XVI, October 2012
This report serves to illuminate the current state, emergence and development of different victims’ groups and associations throughout the Greater North of Uganda, and to highlight their activities and demands. Victims and survivors in the sub-regions of West Nile, Acholi, Lango and Teso currently struggle to access necessary support to rebuild their lives and communities. Against the backdrop of those victims’ challenges, different groups and associations were formed to advocate for victims, channel their demands for compensation and articulate their otherwise silent voices. However, despite the overwhelming number of individual survivors and victims, the number of organized groups or associations is limited.
Although often established with the intention to advocate and lobby for compensation, the majority of local victims’ groups have surrendered their quest for reparations to larger, more powerful and comprehensive claimants’ bodies. Groups at the community level instead concentrate on economic and income-generating activities for short-term benefit. Although debates about Uganda’s need for a national reparations and compensation policy continue on a professional level and within academic discourse, victims’ voices and the views of organized victims’ groups are rarely considered or acknowledged. This report, therefore, aims to inform policy-makers, the government, stakeholders on the ground and local leaders about the current state of victims’ groups in northern Uganda.
When A Gunman Speaks, You Listen - FN XV August 2012
Located in Lamwo District, Palabek is one of the sub-counties in Northern Uganda whose residents have experienced multiple incidences of violence and repeated abuses of human rights. By virtue of its location at the Uganda-South Sudan border, Palabek witnessed both consistent military presence as well as frequent crossing and movement by the LRA while the surrounding area systematically turned into a battlefield.
This report focuses on Palabek’s history and records from 1986 to the present based on victims’ testimonies and information provided by interviewees. It offers an in-depth description of the incidents of violence committed by the LRA and NRA, focusing on key concerns frequently raised by respondents. The report concentrates on instances of torture and killing by the warring parties, including the impact and consequences on the civilian population. It also reveals how Palabek’s communities suffered mass displacement due to this violence.
